Category: Case studies

Case studies, Methodology

Evidence in family history: Am I descended from royalty?

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The question of descent from royalty is often asked in genealogy. Clearly it is an issue of interest to many people, as websites use it to promote their businesses and journalists like to write about it. How do we find and analyse evidence in family history for such claims?

Claims of royal ancestry

Earlier this year, the Who Do You Think You Are magazine claimed that ‘Royal ancestry is one of the most exciting discoveries most people imaging when starting their family tree.’ [1]. I personally do not care much whether some of my ancestor were royal, except that it is relevant to the accuracy of one particular line in my family history.

Similarly, an article on the MyHeritage website claims that it is ‘one of the more exciting finds you might hope to make’ [2]. This article suggests that it is easy to find out, just by doing your research well. It also claims that ‘it’s actually pretty unlikely that you don’t have royal ancestry. It’s simple math’.

The Who Do You Think You Are article also states that, ‘If you have Caribbean ancestry and you can trace your family to a white plantation owner there is a good chance that you can also claim royal ancestry, as sons of gentry often emigrated to the Caribbean to seek their fortune.’ My own supposed connection to royalty is through Jamaican plantation owners. But the question is, was he really a son of gentry?

Analysis of the evidence in family history

As good genealogists, we need to be careful not to make, or accept, sweeping generalisations such as the statements quoted above. We need evidence to support the conclusions we reach.

As another genealogist, Graham Holton, stated in an article on the BBC News website, statistically it may be likely that you are descended from royalty but in actuality it can be very difficult to substantiate claims with solid evidence. [3]

Royal relationships are often in the very distant past. My own supposed connection is my 22x great grandfather, King Edward I (1239-1307). It is true that royal lines are better documented than non-royal, but over many generations the potential for error or fabrication in a family tree is quite high.

In my case, the evidence for this family line has many holes, and none larger than the point where an Englishman moved to the Caribbean.

It appears that my 9x great grandfather, John Lawrence, married Jane Collins in Cornwall, Jamaica in 1676 and died there after 10 May 1690. About 130 years later, their 3x great granddaughter Mary Scarlett married Joseph Brissett in England. Mary and Joseph were the 2x great grandparents of my paternal grandmother, Winifred Saywell. I won’t cite all the sources for this lineage, as it would clutter the blog post unnecessarily, but instead I will focus on the weaknesses in the evidence chain.

One of the techniques that I teach in my genealogy courses is using the Tree Health Assessment Tool to examine and document the strength of the evidence for each identity and relationship in your direct line. Green represents a substantiated relationship, yellow indicates that there is some evidence and pink indicates that a relationship is unsubstantiated.

The evidence

On this family line, the relationships are well supported by evidence back as far as my 6x great grandmother, Elizabeth Anglin. Baptism records support the conclusion that she was the daughter of Colonel Philip Anglin and Mary Lawrence. [4]

Strength of the evidence for my possible royal lineage.
Summary table created using Tree Health Assessment Tool

Evidence exists for the next two generations, but it is not as strong. I have not found baptism records for Mary or her father John.

Some evidence is provided by a painting reproduced in the Caribbeana, entitled ‘Mary, daughter of John Lawrence of Fairfield Estate and wife of Philip Anglin of Paradise Estate, Jamaica. Born later than 1700 and married in 1723. Grandmother of the first Lord Abinger.’ [5] The date of marriage may be an error, as her daughter Elizabeth was born in 1747. The Caribbeana and Historic Jamaica name Mary’s parents as John Lawrence and Susanna Petgrave, and claim that she was born in 1713. [6] The Caribbeana also claims that Mary was the great granddaughter of Henry Lawrence, President of Oliver Cromwell’s Council (Caribbeana, p.131).

This claim of a relationship to Henry Lawrence is where the evidence chain breaks (shown pink in the table above).

The Caribbeana states that Mary’s grandfather, John, was born in 1636 in Isleham, Cambridgeshire to Henry Lawrence and Amy Peyton. He is reported as having left England, landed in Barbados, then arrived in Jamaica in 1676 where he married Jane Dunn nee Collins. This story is also reported in Burke’s Landed Gentry, where Lawrence is listed as of Wiltshire England and of Fairfield Jamaica. The use of the Lawrence crest in Jamaica is cited as evidence of the relationship. [7]

Is my connection substantiated?

I have done my best to trace back references to this claim and they all seem to originate from an article in the Gentleman’s Magazine for 1815 by a descendant of John, James Lawrence. [8]

That article, unfortunately, lists no sources to back up the claim and my knowledge of heraldry is insufficient to determine whether use of the Lawrence crest is reasonable evidence. The Caribbeana does acknowledge that the evidence was inconclusive and that the family agreed that John’s parentage had not been established (p.131).

In addition, my research into Henry Lawrence has so far failed to find any decent evidence to support or refute that he had a son called John.

The Dictionary of National Biography claims that he had seven sons and six daughters, but does not list their names. [9] Even worse, it cites as its sources the abovementioned article from the Gentleman’s Magazine and another derivative source, Chesters of Chicheley, the latter of which cites, you guessed it, the 1815 article. [10]

My research seems to be going around in circles! A good indication that the evidence is flimsy.

A US publication from 1847 does list Henry’s children, including John, but again there are no sources cited to support the claim. [11]

So, how is this all relevant to my original question about evidence in family history to support a claim of descendancy from royalty?

King Edward I was the 10x great grandfather of Henry Lawrence’s wife Amy. That part of the family line is well documented. However, as the claim that John was their son is still unsubstantiated, I cannot claim to be of royal descent on this line.

More information

For more articles about analysis in family history, go to the Analyse page.

For more of my articles on documenting your family history, go to the Document page.

If you would like to read more about my family history, go to my Rustenivy website.

Citations:

[1] Anonymous, ‘Royal ancestry: How to know if you have royal ancestry’, Who Do You Think You Are,15 March 2023, https://www.whodoyouthinkyouaremagazine.com/getting-started/are-you-descended-from-royalty/ accessed 23 Aug 2023

[2] Daniella Levy, ‘How to find out if you have royal ancestry’, MyHeritage, https://education.myheritage.com/article/how-to-find-out-if-you-have-royal-ancestry/, undated, accessed 23 Aug 2023

[3] Sean Coughlan, ‘How millions don’t know they’re related to royalty’, BBC News, 1 Nov 2021, https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-59041055, accessed 23 Aug 2023

[4] Hanover Parish Register  BMB I, 1725-1825, p. 49.

[5] Vere Langford Oliver, Caribbeana: being miscellaneous papers relating to the history, genealogy, topography and antiquities of the British West Indies, 6 volumes 1910-1919.

[6] Frank Cundall, Historic Jamaica, Institute of Jamaica, 1915, p. 340.

[7] John Burke, Burke’s Landed Gentry: The Principality of Wales and The North West, originally published 1833.

[8] The Gentleman’s Magazine, Volume 85 Part 1, 1815.

[9] Gordon Goodwin, ‘Henry Lawrence’, Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900 vol. 32.

[10] Robert Edmond Chester Waters, Genealogical Memoirs of the Extinct Family of Chester of Chicheley, Their Ancestors and Descendants, London England, Robson and Sons, 1878.

[11] John Lawrence, A genealogical memoir of the family of John Lawrence, of Watertown, 1636; with brief notices of others of the name in England and America, Boston, Coolidge & Wiley, 1847.

Notes:  

Caribbeana is a book of family histories of the Caribbean. The trees in the book are based on parish records and family papers, and many of these parish records are now also available online at FamilySearch. Where available, I have verified the information for my family against the parish records.

Post last updated 15 June 2024

Case studies, Methodology

FFANs in Action: Tracing Captain John Townson’s Origins

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This case study demonstrates how the FFANs method of conducting a broader search works in practice. When standard genealogy research hits limitations, researching extended Family, Friends, Associates, and Neighbours often provides the breakthrough you need. My research into Captain John Townson, a member of the NSW Corps who arrived in Australia on the Second Fleet, shows when and why expanding beyond direct your direct line becomes essential.

Using the FFANs method, I researched broadly to uncover family connections, historical associates, and shared experiences that standard birth, death, and marriage searches couldn’t provide. This approach has revealed evidence about John’s birth, his role in early Australian history, and his involvement in the ‘Rum Rebellion’.

This post was originally published in May 2022 and last updated on 15 July 2025

The Research Challenge

Captain John Townson was my 5x great grandfather. He had two daughters. I am descended from the second daughter, Sarah Griggs.

He presents exactly the type of genealogy puzzle that requires FFANs research. He arrived in Australia on the Second Fleet in 1790 as a member of the NSW Corps. Despite his significant role in early colonial history, including serving as Lieutenant Governor of Norfolk Island, the standard genealogy sources reveal frustratingly little.

What John’s sources revealed:

  • Birth, death, and marriage records yield minimal useful information (typical for that era)
  • No marriage record exists (he never married)
  • Baptism record remains unfound despite extensive searching
  • Few sources refer directly to him, despite his prominence in early Sydney and Norfolk Island history
  • Claims about his birth in Yorkshire or Shropshire are not supported by the evidence.

The gaps and inconsistencies: John’s life story contains significant gaps in basic biographical information. Conclusions by other researchers are both inconsistent and not supported by evidence. To conduct a reasonably exhaustive search and gather sufficient evidence about his life events, FFANs research became essential.

My research goals:

  • Find evidence of his birth date and location
  • Better understand his role in early Sydney and Norfolk Island history
  • Clarify his involvement in the 1808 Rum Rebellion.

Fortunately, John Townson had extensive family, friends, associates, and neighbours who left behind more sources.

Applying FFANs: Missing Birth Information

Missing birth information illustrates when FFANs research becomes crucial. It’s not enough to search for birth or baptism sources alone. You need to investigate the entire family group. Siblings often provide the key to confirming whether you’re searching in the right place, time period, and family line. And whether you have correctly identified the mother.

FFANs approach to family research: Rather than focusing solely on John’s own sources, I expanded to research his entire family network. This broader approach has revealed:

  • Wills that provide family structure and relationships
  • Divorce records for his mother from her first husband, establishing family timeline and connections
  • Baptism record for his older sister, confirming location and family details
  • Business records for his father, providing geographical and chronological context.

Results achieved: Collectively, these family sources provide circumstantial evidence that John was born before May 1760, probably in London or Richmond, Surrey. While I’m still searching for his baptism record, the FFANs research has narrowed the search parameters significantly and provided much stronger evidence than direct searches ever could.

Applying FFANs: Historical Context and Associates

Historical events create research opportunities through shared experiences. I maintain a timeline of John’s life in a spreadsheet with columns tracking his friends, associates, and neighbours. This systematic approach helps identify shared events and target sources about people who may provide insights into his life.

Key associates and their research value:

John Macarthur: Travelled to Australia on the same ship (Scarborough) and shared strong connections with Parramatta. Much has been written about Macarthur, and the NSW State Library holds extensive papers that may contain references to Townson.

Captain John Piper: The man after whom Point Piper in Sydney is named. Both Townson and Piper were stationed at Norfolk Island at the same time, and Piper served as executor of Townson’s will. Piper’s well-documented life provides context for understanding Townson’s experiences.

The ‘Rum Rebellion’ participants: In 1808, John Townson was named by Governor William Bligh as one of the conspirators in the mutiny that overthrew Bligh’s government. His brother Robert was also involved and signed the petition against Bligh.

Research discoveries through associates: Sources about the ‘Rum Rebellion’ are providing insights into the Townson brothers’ motivation, which appears to centre on Bligh’s failure to honour their land grants. These sources also reveal other details about their lives.

Extract from a spreadsheet applying the FFANs method to track John Townson's friends and associates in the NSW Corps
Extract from my spreadsheet about John Townson’s FFANs in the NSW Corps

Results and Ongoing Research

The FFANs method has improved my understanding of John Townson and provided historical context. While gaps remain, the research has:

Achieved results:

  • Narrowed birth location and timeframe, and debunked counter claims
  • Revealed family structure and relationships previously unknown
  • Provided historical context for his colonial service
  • Uncovered evidence about his role in significant historical events.

Opened new research avenues:

  • NSW State Library papers on Macarthur and Piper await exploration for Townson references
  • Historical documentation about colonial Sydney may hold further insights about his motivations and experiences
  • Family research has identified additional relatives for investigation.

Lessons Learned: When FFANs Research Succeeds

This case study demonstrates several key principles about when and how FFANs research works:

When direct sources fail, family group research often succeeds. John’s own sources were sparse, but his family left a paper trail that provided the evidence I needed.

Historical events create research opportunities through shared experiences. The history of colonial Sydney and Norfolk Island connected John to well-documented figures whose stories illuminate his own experiences.

Systematic tracking of associates reveals unexpected connections. Maintaining a spreadsheet of relationships and shared experiences helps identify research opportunities that might otherwise be missed.

FFANs research requires clear goals to remain focused. Without specific research questions, investigating associates and neighbours can become endless. Defining what you want to learn keeps the research productive.

Applying FFANs to Challenging Ancestors

If you have an ancestor with sparse sources or conflicting information, consider applying similar FFANs strategies:

  1. Map the family group: Research all siblings, parents, and extended family
  2. Identify historical events: Look for shared experiences that might connect your ancestor to better-documented people
  3. Track associates systematically: Create a timeline or spreadsheet to identify patterns and opportunities
  4. Define clear research goals: Know what questions you’re trying to answer before diving into broader research.

The FFANs method won’t solve every genealogy puzzle, but it can provide new evidence and research leads. Captain John Townson’s story shows the value of using this genealogy research method.

For more information about implementing FFANs research, see Broaden Your Genealogy research: How to Use the FFANs Method and Beyond Your Direct Line: 5 Genealogy Research Strategies.

A few sources:

NSW State Library, ‘From Terra Australis to Australia. The 1808 ‘Rum’ Rebellion’, (https://www.sl.nsw.gov.au/stories/terra-australis-australia/1808-rum-rebellion), accessed 28 May 2022.

Findmypast & British Library, British Newspaper Archive (www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk), Proclamation by William Bligh, March 1809; Cheltenham Chronicle, Thursday 11 January 1810.

Frederick Watson, Historical Records of Australia, Series 1 – Governors’ despatches to and from England  (N.p.: Library Committee of the Commonwealth Parliament., 1914), Governor Phillip to the Right Hon. W. W. Grenville. (Despatch No. 9, per store-ship Justinian, via China; acknowledged by Rt. Hon. Henry Dundas, 10th January, 1792.) p.193.

Featured photo: Searle, E. W & Beatties Studio, 1848, Norfolk Island convict settlement at Kingston in 1848, retrieved May 28, 2022, from http://nla.gov.au/nla.obj-142181355

About the Author

Danielle Lautrec is a genealogy educator, researcher, and author of The Good Genealogist. With qualifications in history, family history, and historical archaeology, she teaches for the Society of Australian Genealogists.

Case studies, Methodology

How I lost my Pomeranian

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Gottlieb intrigued me. His name itself is exotic, at least it is where I live. I never met a Gottlieb before him, in real life or in family history research. Gottlieb Augustus Edward Malchow. Who was he? What did he look like? What were his life experiences and expectations? Why did he come to Australia and how did he meet his wife?

All these questions, and more, drove my research for many years and he became one of those special ancestors that drag you back to them all the time. I cannot explain my interest in him. Perhaps it was the place he came from – Pomerania. I had heard of Pomerania before but I knew next to nothing about it, so I read and gathered maps and photos to learn more. Perhaps it was also because the records said very little about him.

Who was Gottlieb Malchow?

Gottlieb was my great great great grandfather, on my mother’s side. He married my great great great grandmother Maria Elizabeth Kiesecker in Mudgee, New South Wales Australia, on 1 September 1862. They had five children – Christina, Elizabeth, Charles, Ferdinand and John. Christina was my great great grandmother.

I have never found Gottlieb’s death certificate or Christina’s birth or baptism records. These are important documents for establishing relationships. My relationship to Christina has been confirmed through a combination of DNA evidence and other documentary records. Unfortunately, I cannot say the same for Gottlieb.

Even before I had my DNA tested, there were hints that something was wrong. The first was my failure to find Christina’s birth or baptism records, when the records for all her siblings were available. The second was the knowledge that Gottlieb and Maria married in September and Christina was supposedly born the same year. I now believe that her mother was either already pregnant when she married or that Christina was born before the marriage.

What my DNA test results revealed

My DNA test results revealed a group of people who were related to me and also to each other. I had no clues to how we were related until one of my DNA matches contacted me and supplied me with information about their family tree and their matches. Sarah (not her real name) and I shared 47 centimorgans.

Cluster diagram of DNA matches showing one big cluster and one small cluster
The ‘unknown’ group of DNA matches, with Sarah in the top left corner of 6
list of percentages and predicted relationships using DNA test results
Predicted relationships for 47cM, from Blaine Bettinger’s shared cM tool on DNA Painter website

Edward Webb

Sarah also had matches with other descendants of Christina, but not with descendants of Christina’s maternal cousins. From this information we concluded that Christina’s father was the link, not her mother. Comparing our ages helped us narrow down the possibilities, as we were a generation apart. After further analysis, we developed the hypothesis that Christina’s biological father was either Sarah’s great grandfather Edward Webb (1837-1923) or his father, also called Edward Webb (1812-1899). Sarah’s research indicated that both were in Mudgee around the time of Christina’s birth.

Ironically, I still do not know what Gottlieb looked like but I do have this photo of Edward Webb jnr, which was kindly uploaded to an Ancestry tree by David Fayle

I now have eleven DNA matches who are descended from Edward Webb jnr, through three of his children; and five DNA matches who are descended from his siblings. The size of the matches are too small to be definitive, but they are all within the ranges you would expect if he were Christina’s biological father and their relationships with each other have been established. Unfortunately, I have not been able to trace any descendants of Gottlieb’s other children to compare their DNA to mine, which could confirm or refute the hypothesis.

The evidence that Edward Webb was Christina’s biological father is still circumstantial, but it is enough for me to agree that I have lost my Pomeranian. It is important in family history to accept that new evidence can change your conclusions and to understand that DNA evidence can contradict documentary evidence. Gottlieb is still part of the family, as he did raise Christina as his daughter, but I still feel a sense of loss.

More information

Read my article about how DNA research is essential in family history.

Need help with your DNA research? You can attend meetings of the DNA group of the Society of Australian Genealogists.

More of my family history stories are available on my other website.

Post last updated 5 June 2024

Case studies, Methodology

Is DNA essential evidence for family historians?

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In 2021 I participated in a panel discussion for the Society of Australian Genealogists about whether DNA is the 21st century tool for all family historians. I was invited partly because of my experience using DNA in family history and partly because I specialise in the research process. At that time I was running the Society’s Family History Fundamentals courses (now replaced by the Research Methods courses). I also lecture on a range of methodological topics such as research planning, proving your family history and source citations.

photo of a tree bathed in pink light standing in snow

DNA is used by a lot of family historians. The question posed to me was, from a methodological viewpoint, should it be used by all family historians?

My DNA testing

I first had my DNA tested with Family Tree DNA in 2017. At that time I was not fully aware of the potential that DNA had for my research. However, I did have a question that I hoped it might answer. I had been researching my family history for over a decade but had still not been able to identify my paternal grandfather’s father. His parents were unmarried and his father was not listed on his birth certificate. So I hoped that the results of DNA testing might provide some clues.

When I received my results I realised that the process was not that simple. I had to learn how to analyse the results and incorporate them into my research. I also had to maximise the potential evidence from my DNA. So I tested with AncestryDNA and uploaded to GEDmatch and MyHeritage. I also built up a large family tree on Ancestry and tested available family members.

DNA evidence

When we research our family history, we are constructing a view of the past based on information that has been left behind. We obtain that information from sources. We interpret the information and use it as evidence to reach conclusions about the past. Traditional research primarily relies on documentary sources such as birth death and marriage records, but may also incorporate non-documentary sources such as oral history. DNA is another type of non-documentary source. Why might it be considered an essential source?

Our aim in family history is to make it as accurate as possible. If we do not, then we risk creating a family history that is not ours. Accuracy requires that our conclusions be reasonable and defensible. To achieve that we have to use the ‘best sources’ and conduct what is referred to as ‘a reasonably exhaustive search’. Can family history research be considered reasonably exhaustive if it has not utilised DNA evidence? To answer this we need to look at the power of DNA evidence.

Our family trees are based on establishing biological relationships between parents and their children. Documentary sources can provide evidence to support or refute these relationships, but it is rare that the strength of the support or refutation is definitive. Usually, there is scope for further evidence to change the conclusion. However, DNA evidence is different. It can often provide definitive support or refutation, or at least something very close to definitive.

Examples in my family history

I have two examples in my own family history where the DNA evidence totally contradicts all the documentary evidence. In both cases I am convinced that the DNA evidence is correct.

Gottlieb Malchow

The first is the identification of Gottlieb Malchow as the father of my great great grandmother Christina Malchow. Gottlieb was married to her mother, raised her and was listed as her father on her death certificate. Yet, the DNA evidence definitively refutes that he was her biological father. The DNA evidence also suggests who actually was her biological father. To me, it does not seem possible that there is another explanation for the evidence. I think that I would argue that the evidence is also definitive about the identity of her biological father (though I am open to additional evidence to the contrary).

My paternal line

The second example where DNA has definitively disproven the documentary evidence is the discovery that my entire paternal line (except for my father) is not biological. Again, the DNA evidence is definitive. I have no DNA matches at all on that line and I do not match my cousin or uncle. It just is not possible for that line to be biological.

Powerful evidence

DNA evidence is also powerful evidence when the available documentary evidence is either lacking or is only circumstantial. The same great great grandmother I mentioned above, Christina, had six children. She was unmarried and the names of the fathers of her children were deliberately omitted from the records.

The evidence that George Bassett was the father of her daughter, my great grandmother, was circumstantial. Town rumour and the fact that one of his sisters brought up one of Christina’s other children. However, the DNA evidence is strong. Thirty DNA matches between myself and descendants of George’s siblings definitively support the conclusion that the father was from that family. A further match from a descendant of another child of George, together with the circumstantial evidence means that the conclusion that George was the father, while not definitive, is reasonable and defensible.

extract of a family tree chart from Ancestry.com
Extract of the summary of DNA matches to George’s family

So, DNA evidence can be essential in disproving documentary evidence and it can be essential where documentary evidence is insufficient. The final example of how DNA evidence is essential in family history is where there is no documentary evidence at all.

Identifying unknown people

After discovering that my paternal line was not biological, I managed to identify my father’s biological mother by obtaining his adoption records. His mother was named in the records, but his father was not. It was only by analysing the DNA evidence that I was able to identify his biological father and use that information to build out my biological paternal line. While initially my conclusion about his identity was tentative, further analysis has built up a body of evidence that makes my conclusion reasonable and defensible.

Is DNA needed for a reasonably exhaustive search?

When researching family history we are expected to use the best sources by conducting a reasonably exhaustive search. Without using evidence from DNA testing my family history would contain substantial inaccuracies and I would never have been able to build my paternal biological family tree. DNA evidence is therefore arguably the best source, when used in combination with documentary sources. I do believe DNA evidence is essential evidence for family historians.

More information

For more of my articles and information about using DNA in family history, head to my DNA in family history page and watch that page for upcoming free downloads.

Post updated 5 June 2024

Case studies

History revealed by an illuminated address

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Illuminated addresses are an example of an unpublished family history source that could provide valuable information for research.

What is an illuminated address?

Illuminated addresses are hand-illustrated manuscripts presented to a person to mark an event or to celebrate a person’s achievements.

Typically contained in a leather-bound gold-embossed folder faced with red silk, they contain hand-written text surrounded by a wide decorative border, illustrations, a statement of appreciation and signatures of the presenters.

The term ‘illuminated’ derives from the use of gilt, but many addresses use gold or bronze paint rather than gilt. Illuminated addresses were popular in Britain and Australia from the 1850s to the 1930s, with a peak in popularity in the 1880s and 1890s.

General consensus appears to be that illuminated addresses were derived from illuminated books and manuscripts in medieval Europe. Australian examples commonly contain native flora and fauna – a trend which was also evident in art and buildings at that time.

Illuminated addresses were presented in a ceremony and were often accompanied by a purse of sovereigns and an announcement in the local newspapers. They had an important symbolic role, creating and reinforcing social links, and generating expectations of reciprocity.

Examples of an illuminated address

Bean address

This illuminated address is from the collections of the Society of Australian Genealogists. It was presented to Dr J. W. B. Bean Esq. M. D. of South Kensington by members of the Medical Magazine Club in Waverley, New South Wales, on 14 May 1914. Dr Bean was the brother of the well-known historian and war correspondent, Charles Bean.

As unpublished sources, illuminated addresses are usually found in archives. However, the NSW State Library has many examples of illuminated addresses and manuscripts, such as one presented to Joseph Cummings in 1922.

Other examples are held by the Museum of History New South Wales, such as the Carrington albums.

For more of my articles about analysing sources, go to the Analyse page.

Post last updated 6 June 2024